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Application Layer

The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means that both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application.  This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component.  Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model.  Application-layer functions typically include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication.

When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit.  When determining resource availability, the application layer must decide whether sufficient network resources for the requested communication exist.  In synchronizing communication, all communication between applications requires cooperation that is managed by the application layer.

Two key types of application-layer implementations are TCP/IP applications and OSI applications.  TCP/IP applications are protocols, such as Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), that exist in the Internet Protocol suite.  OSI applications are protocols, such as File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM), Virtual Terminal Protocol (VTP), and Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP), that exist in the OSI suite.

Internetworking Applications

WWW

-Connects countless servers presenting diverse formats: multimedia, graphics, text, sound, and video.  Applications such as Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, and Mosaic simplify accessing and viewing web sites. 

EMAIL

-Versatile can use SMTP or X.400 to deliver messages between different email applications.

Electronic Data Interchange

-Composite of specialized standards that facilitates the flow of tasks such as accounting, shipping / receiving, and order and inventory tracking between business.

Bulletin Boards

-Includes Internet chat rooms, and sharing public domain software.

Internet Navigation Utilities

-Includes Gopher, WAIS, and search engines, e.g. Yahoo, Excite, and Alta Vista.  Helps users locate resources and information on the Internet. 

Financial Transaction Services

-They gather and sell information pertaining to investments and credit data to their subscribers.